TARDIVO, Leila S.C. (1985) – Normas para avaliação do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias numa amostra de crianças paulistanas de 5 a 8 anos de idade [Standards for the assessment of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure in a sample of 5 to 8 year-old children from the city of São Paulo]. Master’s Dissertation. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 208 pp.
This piece of work aimed to establish rules for evaluation of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) proposed by Trinca (1972). The sample is composed of 80 children whose ages vary from 5 to 8, male and female, from a middle social economical level. In order to have a general idea of the intellectual level of these subjects, the clinical device mentioned above was individually applied to all of them as well as the Progressive Matrices Tests by Raven. The results permitted the composition of a Referential for the Analysis of Drawing-and-Story Procedure, as of the initial Referential introduced by Trinca in 1972. The new referential is composed by eight groups: GROUP I – BASIC ATITUDE (traces 1 to 5): 1) Acceptance – are included in this trace the needs and the worries with acceptance, success, growing up and the attitudes of security; 2) Opposition – attitudes of opposition, contempt, hostility, competition, negativism etc; 3) Insecurity – including the needs of protection, shelter and help; the attitudes of submission, inhibition, isolation, blockage, and the attitudes of insecurity; 4) Positive Identification – feelings of self valorization, self image and self concepts that are real and positive; search for identity and identification with the own gender; 5) Negative Identification – this trace is opposite to trace 4, and refers to the feelings of less value, less capacity, less importance and identification with the other Sex. GROUP II – SIGNIFICATIVE FIGURES (traces 6 to 11): 6) Positive Maternal Figure – the mother felt as being present, gratifying, good, affectionate, protective, facilitating (good object); 7) Negative Maternal Figure – the mother lived as being absent, omissive, rejecting, threatening, controlling, exploiting (bad object); 8) Positive Father Image – similar to trace 7, here in relation to the father; 9) negative father image. 10) Positive Fraternal Figure – and/or other figures – aspects of relationships with brothers and / or equals (companions, friends etc.); in other words, cooperation, collaboration etc.; 11) Negative Fraternal Figure and/or other figures – negative aspects of the relationship: competition, rivalry, conflict, envy. GROUP III – EXPRESSED FEELINGS (traces 12 to 14): 12) Feelings that come from Life Instinct – are those of a constructive type: joy, love, instinctive energy and sexual, 13) Feelings that come from the Death Instinct – are those of a destructive type: hatred, anger, envy, persecutory jealousy; 14) Feelings that come from conflicts – are ambivalent feelings, that come from the fight between the Instincts of Life and Death; like guilt feelings, fear of loss, of abandonment, feelings of loneliness, sadness, feeling of being unprotected, depressive jealousy and others. GROUP IV – TENDENCIES AND DESIRES (traces 15 to 17): 15) Necessity to Supply Basic Needs – here are included the most basic, like desire for protection and shelter; need for understanding, of being included, of being taken care with affection; oral needs etc.; 16) Destructive Tendencies – here are included the more hostile ones, like desire or vengeance, of attacking, of destroying, of separating the parents; 17) Constructive Tendencies – are the more evolved, like necessities of cure, of acquisition, of realization and autonomy, of freedom and growth. GROUP V – IMPULSES (traces 18 and 19): 18) Loving ; 19) Destructive. GROUP VI – ANXIETIES (traces 20 and 21): 20) Paranoid; 21) Depressive. GROUP VII – DEFENSE MECHANISMS (traces 22 to 33): 22) Scission; 23) Projection ; 24) Repression; 25) Negation / Annulment; 26) Repression or Fixation in Primitive Stages; 27) Rationalization; 28) Isolation; 29) Displacement; 30) Idealization; 31) Sublimation; 32) Reaction Formation; 33) Maniac Negation or Omnipotence.